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okay all right so my name is Brandon

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Stackhouse I'm from Princeton I go I

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work with the onstott laboratory there

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and i'll be speaking a little bit about

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this experiment that we've been running

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for a while looking at gas fluxes out of

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these cores we've collected from the

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High Arctic that have been undergoing

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this progressive thorium and sort of

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what we've been seeing there so we'll be

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discussing mainly flux and pour gas data

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but we'll be touching a little bit on

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some modeling efforts that we've been

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doing as well to look at this problem

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and a little bit about the microbial

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community that's present in this area as

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well so there's been this sort of

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amazing body of work that's shown up

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over the past 10 to 15 years looking at

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communities in cold environments all

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these cycra files and it's it's gone on

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this amazing amazing argit's going not

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just from we see these microbes present

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in these cold environments where these

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sub-zero temperatures or froze and stuff

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too we see them actually actively

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metabolizing in these environments which

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is incredibly important because if

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they're just sitting there you get

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long-term damage to DNA by radiation or

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just entropic decay but if you can

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metabolize you can repair your DNA down

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there that gives you a much much longer

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life to sit in these cold permafrost

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environments and be a viable organism

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above and beyond that we've recently

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started seeing guys that can grow at

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incredibly low low temperatures 10

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degrees C recent paper from minus 15

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degrees C from McGill here where we see

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things that not just metabolize but

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they're actually increase in their

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community size potentially at these at

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these very low temperatures that gives

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you a chance to just increase your bio

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mass at these areas not just metabolize

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not just repair your DNA so this has

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been a really exciting area especially

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in terms of its astrobiology

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implications and what you see is that

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these guys are all from permafrost

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permafrost permafrost so what we want to

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do is look at these kinds of

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environments and see how they relate to

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other areas so permafrost terrain for

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those of you who maybe need a little bit

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of a refresher it's this patterned

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ground that we see in polar regions so

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you have the art to give the Antarctic

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and it's dick

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by this freeze-thaw cycle that happens

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every year where during the summer

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everything thaws from the top down to

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some stable active layer depth where the

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permafrost begins and it's this

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freeze-thaw cycle that generates this

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very regular behavior in the in the

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ground this very specific type of

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morphology that happens there and you

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develop these large ice wedges in

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certain areas you can get ice lenses

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which is very ice rich kind of

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environment in these frozen soils and

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it's Astra biologically relevant because

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much like we see in other areas it's

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very low temperatures so a lot of areas

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during the winter you get temperatures

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down minus-40 minus-50 degrees

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centigrade and that also means you have

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a very low liquid water availability for

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these microbes to exist in where things

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are existing either in brines or these

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uh very thin water layers on top of ice

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that's down in the subsurface so that's

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a that's a really cool thing that we see

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these microbes that live in these types

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of environments it's also really cool

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that we see similar environments to this

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on Mars so over here we can see pattern

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terrain from the Utopia basin which is

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up in the northern hemisphere of Mars

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right over here I think and looking at

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orbital data people have looked at

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regions where they see evidence and the

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ground features that indicate that

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there's near-surface stable ground ice

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in Mars not too far below the dirt where

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you'll have you'll have liquid or not

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like I'm sorry uh solid ice that's

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present in may extend four extend Pro

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ways down into the ground and I was

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agonizing for a while getting this talk

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return to figure out how am I going to

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convince you guys that there's the

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possibility even though it's ground ice

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here that maybe there's some liquid

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water here where these micronians

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couldn't exist and I was so happy

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yesterday that two talks back to back

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did most of my heavy lifting for me so

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the talk that Harvey gave looking at the

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formation of liquid brians from

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telepresence in these in these salt

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environments that were seen there and

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then the talk by Brendan about

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these streaks slope features that people

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have seen on Mars that we have analogs

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for on earth and that that was fantastic

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and so we look at this one we say okay

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maybe you have these liquid brines these

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organisms the water that's there it

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would have to be very salty water that

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their existing in that's okay the areas

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that we've done these isolations from on

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earth a lot of them are from these

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liquid Brian environments their halo

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files they're okay with that we look at

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these streaks slope things and people

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say if exists it's very temporary that's

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okay to these organisms that we see in

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in the Arctic they're used to only

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having temporary access to liquid water

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during times that they have you know the

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winter when they're still metabolizing

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they get very very little water they're

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frozen most of the time so salty

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temporary that's okay the fact that it's

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there at all it's very important it

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gives them a chance to increase their

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deposit give you city or eight get rid

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of some of their waste byproducts get

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new oxidants in their system they're

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happy to even see it at all so that that

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makes our life a lot easier so the work

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that we've been doing is up in axel

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Heiberg Island which we're using as an

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analog site for some places on Mars it's

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not it's not a perfect analogue but you

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know you squint your eyes a little bit

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on a warm day on Mars is a nice cold day

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up in the architecture the pressure is

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different you got some oxygen but you

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know this this is not bad it is not bad

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in the end so here's our field site I'm

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fortunate to work up the McGill Arctic

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research station which is at oh hello 79

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degrees north it has a mean annual air

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temperature of minus 19 degrees

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centigrade and it's characterized by

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being a very low organic carbon soy only

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about 1% organic carbon that's president

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there and it's also a moist acidic

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tundra so our ground is about 4.5 to 5.5

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for the pH in terms of the ground water

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and a ground soil so here's a picture of

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it in the winter you get this nice snow

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cover here's it during the summer and

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what you can tell from this photo is

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that you really don't have much in terms

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of plane

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it cover this is you're not driving much

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of your organic carbon from plants you

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have a fairer keema with autotrophic

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community here that's derived most of

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the most most of the carbon cycling that

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happens in one of in a lot of areas so

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we went up there in end winter to drill

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a bunch of permafrost cores and if

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you've never drilled in the Arctic in

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the winter it is a special type of hell

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that is reserved by advisers for grad

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students they don't think are working

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hard enough so I got to spend two weeks

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up there with Guillaume right over there

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and we drilled about 40 1 meter

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permafrost cores and it's important that

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we collected them in the winter because

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since all the soil was still frozen it

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means that the gas composition of the

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pore water that's there is going to be

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reflective of what the environment was

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like when this witness environment froze

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at the at the onset of winter the

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previous the previous year that means as

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we do our thawing we can actually go

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back and sample what that looked like

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before hand plus whatever respiration

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was occurring during the winter months

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so the way our experiment looked is we

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did this progressive thaw from the top

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down here's just a quick look at the

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temperature profile where you can see

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that over the course of several weeks we

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progressively brought up sections of the

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core two above freezing to a maximum

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temperature about four degrees

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centigrade and over the course of this

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thong experiment we were measuring the

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concentration of trace gases in the

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headspace as well as major components so

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nitrogen and oxygen co2 methane that

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sort of thing and we were also sampling

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the pore water and that adds several

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depths down the course we had about five

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centimeters 35 centimeters 65

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centimetres and then one sampling port

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to be placed into the permafrost itself

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so when we thought the permafrost we

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could get a look at what that was doing

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down there as well over the course of

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this experiment we also collected soil

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samples to do DNA extraction

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to look at the meta-genome of profile oh

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my goodness okay all right so we're

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going to move up fast over here so

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looking at the head space during Thal we

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see this ink we see this release of

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methane that occurs and it drops down to

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near zero values we were expecting to

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see this increase during the initial

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thaw it's been seen in other areas but

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we didn't see a pick up afterwards which

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we are expecting to we thought meth an

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agenda sustained at some point and you'd

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see the production of methane going on

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which you really didn't see very much so

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when we start investigating what's going

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on in the poor gas during this time

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period as well I want you to look at

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these X's right here this is our

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saturated treatments these are

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unsaturated treatments for this falling

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experiment we can see an unsaturated the

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poor gas composition of methane

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decreases rather significantly and it

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doesn't in saturated one this tells us

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that in the saturated one the perma the

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methane that's down in the subsurface is

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diffusion limited in reaching the

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headspace but if we look at the

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unsaturated one we see that it's not and

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this should have represented a very

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large increase in the methane flux

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during this thought period there should

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have been a large bolus of methane that

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reach the surface and we just didn't see

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it so we're trying to identify what's

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actually going on here in this thing yes

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we just have a mass balance issue in

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terms of where this methane is and if we

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look at this data in a slightly

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different way here's that same data just

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shown a little different if we start

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running it out and putting methane

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actually into the headspace we see that

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rather than these soils being a source

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of methane so we were imagining this

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would be large meth anak with antigen at

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community there we actually see that we

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have methane atrophic curring in all

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cores in all treatments so mainly thing

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about this in terms of saturated and

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everything else everything else gets

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access to some oxygen saturated is

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diffusion limited by the water that's

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presents on the cores and what we can

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see is that there's actually even in

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saturated cores methane oxidation is

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occurring and we can tell it this is not

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due to residual oxygen we can look at

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oxygen this present the pore water and

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see that this is some sort of non

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oxygenic

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or aerobic methane oxidation which is

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very interesting so I'll skip over this

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we've looked we did some microcosm work

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to try to determine what's actually

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happening in terms of methane production

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and consumption at various steps and it

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various temperatures throughout the

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profile in these cores and what we use

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this for was to develop a 2d model for

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methane production flux so this is a

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couple biology and physics model that

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we've made that also uses a ph

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dependence equation to model methane

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methane a trophy methanogenesis and it's

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also linked to temperature by the

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Iranians equation which is what are

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microcosms were used to do sorry I

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skipped over that a little bit but we're

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able to make predictions about methane

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consumption and production in these

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environments based on empirical evidence

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that we have so we've generated in our

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own model for doing this kind of work so

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far we're very good at being able to

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predict what happens in unsaturated

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soils we have a bit of an issue still

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recreating what our fluxes should look

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like in terms of the saturated soils we

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think this might be due to the fact that

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we have an me going on so la slit up the

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side there there's some interesting

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papers that have that show that there's

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this potential coupling between sulfate

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reduction and methane oxidation that

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occurs in certain soils and we see

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evidence of sulfate reduction in our

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soils which may be indicative of this so

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sort of just a quick summary we've

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developed a 2d model looking at methane

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cycle in the Arctic we see a nice cycle

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that occurs within the permafrost in the

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active layer within a link system so

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it's not distal in terms of production

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and consumption we see the production or

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potential for an aerobic oxidation of

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methane in saturated soils and we have

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some future work incorporating the model

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with some more things and doing tracer

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experiments to look at a gentleman

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connectivity between methane oxidation

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Thank You Brandon any questions sure I'm

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so I for a lot of these guys as long as

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they're able to as long as the system

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isn't completely closed you get some

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cracks in the system they're able to get

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fresh oxidants and they can turn over I

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turn over their DNA and do some DNA

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repair there's not a good reason that

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they can't exist for thousands and

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thousands of years in the permafrost on

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the adjusting to be able to have a

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minimum minimum energetic requirement

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met in order to do that base repair so

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they can last quite a long time down

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there do you have any 16s station yet

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for what's going on in those communities

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so we're still waiting on it I'm talking

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you repeat that do you have any 16s rrna

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gene profiles for the communities and

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these cores are you still waiting on

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that data yes so they're about 1%

355
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archaea in terms of what's going on so

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there's a fairly low presumably

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methanogenic community that's going on

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there and they're primarily focused in

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about 65 centimetres or below um we've

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gotten some stuff back looking at the

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top 35 centimeters we see about 1% alpha

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proteobacteria that should be methane

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atrophic communities pipe to meth anna

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caucus um or middle of caucus I we're

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still doing work and looking at what the

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changes over time we'd like to see a

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difference in the profiles as thaw goes

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on but we're still waiting on getting

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do you plan to screen any of the

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permafrost I slits at marsh and

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conditions and I asked that because we

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my lab recently got a I slit from

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permafrost in Russia that grows up

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marketing conditions so you might have

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something exciting in your permafrost

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that would be awesome might uh I'd love

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to do it if you have any money for me to

378
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i'll be taking checks cash hey um so

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essentially you just showed that you

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have a methane sink in fine permafrost

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um and so I know this is an astrobiology

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conference but would you care to comment

383
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on the inevitable conclusions that

384
00:16:00,389 --> 00:15:58,630
people will make that with global

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warming and your permafrost laws that

386
00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:01,839
this might actually solve all of our

387
00:16:08,009 --> 00:16:05,170
problems um yeah so this actually

388
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:08,019
presents a really unique environment to

389
00:16:13,530 --> 00:16:11,110
look at this kind of thing I where it's

390
00:16:14,730 --> 00:16:13,540
a low organic carbon soil which is very

391
00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:14,740
different than a lot of the research

392
00:16:18,750 --> 00:16:16,690
that's done in terms of methane release

393
00:16:20,430 --> 00:16:18,760
into the environment those happen to be

394
00:16:22,769 --> 00:16:20,440
those are usually done in very high

395
00:16:24,329 --> 00:16:22,779
organic carbon content like peat bogs

396
00:16:27,960 --> 00:16:24,339
that kind of stuff where you see twenty

397
00:16:29,220 --> 00:16:27,970
thirty forty percent organic carbon we

398
00:16:31,199 --> 00:16:29,230
have a really hard time here actually

399
00:16:33,660 --> 00:16:31,209
turning on our math Anna genet community

400
00:16:35,699 --> 00:16:33,670
we feed em acetate we feed mhm to co2

401
00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:35,709
they don't seem to really like it and

402
00:16:39,870 --> 00:16:38,170
our methane agentur meth inotropes super

403
00:16:42,269 --> 00:16:39,880
happy to eat any methane that we do give

404
00:16:44,699 --> 00:16:42,279
them so this might be indicative of

405
00:16:46,500 --> 00:16:44,709
types of soil organic carbon a little

406
00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:46,510
bit drier where we've just sort of

407
00:16:51,540 --> 00:16:48,910
crossed some sort of threshold and they

408
00:16:53,579 --> 00:16:51,550
turn into sinks as opposed to sources um

409
00:16:56,340 --> 00:16:53,589
I think it depends on what the

410
00:16:59,220 --> 00:16:56,350
distribution is but areas like this look